Caesar (moving military mint), gold, aurei (female head/trophy) (RRC 452/1 Caesar - 48-47 BCE)
From SILVER
48 BCE - 47 BCE Gold 12,911 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | LII (Latin).Female head, right, wearing oak-wreath and diadem. Border of dots. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | CAE SAR (Latin).Trophy with Gallic shield and carnyx, on right, axe. Border of dots. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Caesar (moving military mint) | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Ionia | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Julius Caesar (Roman general, statesman, Consul and Dictator Perpetuus, 100-44 BC), Roman Republic |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 48 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 47 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Gold
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Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 8.55 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | aureus | StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Campana 2002, "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Martzinek 2025 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RRC, n° 452/1 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 2 | 50 | 2 | 28.57 | 2, 4 |
| 2 | 1 | 25 | 2 | 28.57 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 | 25 | 3 | 42.86 | 3 |
| Total | 4 of 4 | 100 | 7 of 7 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 4 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 2 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 2 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 7 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.75 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 3.5 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 0.5 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 50 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 7.55 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 151,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 9.33 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00005 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 71.43% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 1,854.3 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 12,911 kg <br /> 12,911 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 4,635.76 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation Likely military For the die study, see Martzinek 2025. Campana recognizes 4 obverse dies for 9 aurei (out of which 2 are considered as false by Martzinek).
References
- ^ Campana, Alberto (2002), “Monete d’oro delle Repubblica Romana. X-XII – Emissioni al tempo della Guerra Civile tra le battaglie di Farsalo e di Tapso (48-46 a.C.)”, Panorama Numismatico, 164, p. 10-20.
- ^ Martzinek, Sven (2025), "Caesars erste Goldmünzen. Eine Analyse des Münztypus RRC 452/1," Mitteilungsblatt. Universität Wien, Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte, 71, p. 8-21
- ^ Crawford, Michael H. (1974), Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge
